surveying :basic info

SURVEYING IS THE ART OF DETERMINING RELATIVE POSITIONS OF POINTS ON ABOVE OR BENEATH THE SURFACE OF EARTH BY MEANS OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF DISTANCE,DIRECTION AND ELEVATION.

In simple word surveying is the technique and science of determining the terrestial and three dimensional position of points,distance and angle between them.
A land surveying professionals is called a land surveyor.

 History:-
         

Ancient surveying

                 The basic surveyance occurs when humans built first large structures.
We can predict that the surveying take place firstly at stone age by our ancestor.
In ancient Egypt, a rope Stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the annual floods of the Nile river. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia (early 1st millennium BC).

Modern surveying

Abel Foullon described a plane table in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.
Gunter's chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund Gunter. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes.

 

 There are  some surveying equipment listed below.

Theodolite :- Theodolite that measure horizontal angle is created by Joshua Habermel  with

 a compass and tripod in 1576.Leonard Digges described a Theodolite in his book A geometric practice named Pantometria (1571). Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725.

Measuring Tape :- A measuring tape is the primary tool for surveying without measuring tools we can't measure anything.A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners.The first record of a people using measuring device was roman.They use marked strips of leather, but this was more like a regular ruler than a tape measure.

Total Station:-A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern Surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic Theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.

3D scanners :-A 3D scanner is a device that analyses a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. colour). The collected data can then be used to construct digital three-dimensional models.

 Principle of surveying:-

Following are the principles of surveying which would be kept in mind while determining relative position of points on the surface of earth.

1. To work from whole to part.

2. Fix the position by two independent process.